What are different types of physical vapor deposition?

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PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) refers to the thin film preparation technology in which the material is deposited on the plated workpiece by a general physical method in vacuum.
 
PVD technology can be divided into three categories: vacuum evaporation coating, vacuum sputtering coating and vacuum ion coating. Compared with the three categories of PVD technology, the corresponding vacuum coating equipment includes vacuum evaporation coating machine, vacuum sputtering coating machine and vacuum ion coating machine.
 
The principle of PVD coating technology is that under the condition of vacuum, through the arc discharge technology with high current, the target material is evaporated and the evaporated material is ionized by gas discharge, and the evaporated material or its reaction products are deposited on the workpiece under the action of electric field.
 
Magnetron sputtering coating is to increase the electric field between the target and the vacuum chamber wall to ionize the argon gas and accelerate the argon ion to hit the surface of the target. The target is hit by subions, while the target atoms overflow and fly to the surface of the plated substrate with kinetic energy of tens or even hundreds of electron volts and deposited on the substrate surface, and the atomic kinetic energy is two orders of magnitude higher than evaporation. Its filling density is as high as 98%, and the refractive index is high and relatively stable.
 
The similarity between PVD coating and traditional electroless plating is that one material is covered on the surface of another material in a certain way. The difference between the two is that the adhesion between the PVD film and the workpiece surface is greater, the hardness of the film is higher, the wear resistance and corrosion resistance are better, and the performance of the film is more stable; PVD coating can be plated more widely, can be plated out of a variety of film color is also more, and will not produce toxic or polluting substances.
 
The sputtering coating process has the characteristics of repeatability and controllable thickness, which is reflected in the large area substrate material, and we can make the ideal material according to the required thickness. the prepared film also has the advantages of high purity, good compactness and strong adhesion with materials. From the point of view of the manufacturing process, the manufacturing complexity of evaporation coating is lower than that of sputtering target, and its advantages are simple and convenient process, convenient operation, fast film formation and so on.
 
PVD vacuum coating is also widely used in the plastic industry, because the plastic has the characteristics of easy molding, so its cost is very low, the weight is also very light, and it has the characteristics of corrosion resistance. The surface of the plastic can be conductive by PVD vacuum coating, and the PVD coating can also reduce its water absorption. After the coating is completed, the pinholes will decrease, and the water absorption will also decrease. The metal luster on the surface of the coated material is colored, and the decorative performance is also greatly improved.
 
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The Turkish Foreign Ministry said in a recent statement that on the same day, the Turkish Foreign Ministry spoke on the phone with the Secretary-General of the United Nations to discuss the latest progress of the agreement on grain shipments from Ukraine.

According to a report by Turkey's Anadoru News Agency on the same day, the Turkish Defense Minister said that three grain ships will set sail from the Ukrainian port on the 5th local time.

On the 3rd, local time, the first grain ship from the Ukrainian port of Odessa passed the inspection of the Joint Coordination Center in Istanbul, Turkey, and continued to sail to its destination, the port of Tripoli, Lebanon.

Japan's Asahi Shimbun recently reported that oil giants in Europe and the United States have made a lot of money thanks to high oil prices without a substantial increase in OPEC +.

The report pointed out that large oil companies have achieved good results. BP's second-quarter 2022 results showed that its net profit was about three times that of the same period last year, to $9.3 billion.

Shell's second-quarter net profit was $18 billion, 5.3 times that of the same period a year earlier. ExxonMobil, the US oil giant, posted a net profit of $17.8 billion in the second quarter, 3.8 times that of the same period a year earlier. Chevron's second-quarter net profit was $11.6 billion, 3.8 times that of the same period a year earlier.

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